Monday, the Archbishop of Canterbury concluded a two-week tour throughout China aimed at tightening relations between the Anglican Church and the state-sanctioned Chinese Protestant Church. Yes I know that sounds funny– the “Chinese Protestant Church”. The common misconception (that I held until recently) is that the practice of religion in China is illegal. The one time I tried to do something religious here, I was told to bring my passport. Just in case I needed to prove my foreignness. But in actuality, there are 5 government-approved religions in China: Buddhism (unless you’re a Falun Gong), Catholicism (as long as you disavow the Pope), Islam (unless you’re from Xinjiang province and are believed to be a terrorist), Protestantism (if you’re a foreigner or have money) and Taoism (all good). The Archbishop Dr. Rowan Williams, the first Anglican leader to visit China in 12 years, comes at a time when Christianity is enjoying a massive rebirth in the Middle Kingdom. The Maoist idea that religion represents feudalism and colonialism led to to the abolishment of organized religion in China from the late 40s until the late 70s; places of worship were destroyed and religious leaders “taken care of”. It was commonly believed that membership to both a religious group and the Communist party was impossible . Since then however, the Chinese government has been slowly relaxing its policy barring the practice of religion. And now, as Beijing appears to be distancing itself from its Maoist past, the ground is fertile for the growth of Christianity in China.
However, the promise of religious freedom in China is far from a reality. To be a practicing Christian in China, by law you must register your religion with the government and attend an approved house of worship. And once you get to the church or temple, there are strict guidelines as to how the services are conducted. As I said earlier, in Catholic services, there is no affiliation with or mention of the Vatican. The government feels that it is subversive to have an allegiance to a body or person stronger than one’s allegiance to China. While it is believed that 5% of China’s population, 6.5 million people, practices Christianity, the actual number of Christians in China is widely debated. This is because many Christians practice privately or in small “house churches” for fear of oppression, arrest or even physical harm. The house church or underground church movement throughout the 20th century forced Chinese Christians to be secretive about their faith and even today, when restrictions have been loosened, these Christians still fear the worst. A regular church-going friend of mine knows of underground churches that regularly hold mass in Shanghai today.
But while it seems like China is moving in the direction of religious tolerance, there are still cases of extreme antireligious oppression. Anyone who likes the Beastie Boys knows about the issue of religious freedom in Tibet. Anyone who has ever passed Falun Gong refugees on the streets of New York or San Francisco has seen first-hand present-day religious persecution. I was misleading if I made it seem as though antireligious acts of violence were a thing of the past. On July 29th of this year in Hangzhou, a small city outside of Shanghai, witnesses reported to TIME Magazine a brutal episode at the construction site of a community church:
Witnesses told TIME that at about 2:30 p.m., thousands of uniformed police and plainclothes security officers appeared at the construction site. The police cleared a way through the crowds for a few drill-equipped backhoes, and the authorities then demolished the church. Witnesses say police bludgeoned people indiscriminately with nightsticks. ‘They were picking up women–some of them old ladies–by their hair and swinging them around like dolls, then letting them crash to the ground,’ says a man who watched the clash from across the street. A statement faxed to TIME by the information office of the Xiaoshan district government describes the scene differently, claiming that about 100 Christians ‘attacked and injured government officials’ and that although the police detained a few protesters, none were injured.
-TIME Magazine (08/20/06)
I can see why some Chinese Christians choose to worship in private.
Back to the Archbishop. Human rights groups have blasted Dr. Williams this week for not speaking out about religious oppression or at the very least, going through China pretending it doesn’t exist. Brad Adams, the Asia director of Human Rights Watch said, “I think he should have spoken publicly about the problems of worshiping. I think the standard they should employ is what would they accept in their country.” A spokesperson for the Archbishop responded by saying that criticizing the religious policies would only further endanger Christians in China. And granted, the way to increase religious tolerance in China certainly is not for a high-profile visitor to start slinging accusations. According to a BBC article on the international criticism of the Archbishop’s visit, Dr. Williams stated the purpose of his trip was not to ruffle feathers but rather to learn more about the true nature of Christianity in China. Though he knows as well as anyone, that until someone ruffles some feathers and Christianity can be practiced openly, no one will ever know its true nature.
•Washington Post: Anglicans Expanding Ties With China
•TIME Magazine: The War For China’s Soul